Waktu, sesuatu yang selalu mengiringi kita. Waktu yang kita miliki sangat terbatas, semua orang dapat rata 24 jam sehari semalam. Sedangkan keinginan kita untuk memanfaatkan waktu yang terbatas tersebut tidak terbatas. Terutama bagi orang kota yang super sibuk, waktu bagi mereka adalah sesuatu yang sangat berharga. Bahkan mungkin ada yang merasa jatah 24 jam itu masih kurang. Tidak jarang juga kita hanya melewati waktu yang sudah kita dapatkan tanpa memahami makna dibalik waktu yang kita lewati. Mungkin kita harus bertanya kepada orang-orang di bawah ini agar kita tidak menyepelekan waktu yang kita lewati tersebut.
- Untuk memahami makna waktu 1 tahun, bertanyalah kepada seorang siswa yang gagal dalam ujian kenaikan kelas.
- Untuk memahami makna waktu 1 bulan, bertanyalah kepada seorang ibu yang melahirkan anaknya secara prematur.
- Untuk memahami makna waktu 1 minggu, bertanyalah kepada seorang editor majalah mingguan.
- Untuk memahami makna waktu 1 hari, bertanyalah kepada seorang pekerja dengan gaji harian.
- Untuk memahami makna waktu 1 jam, bertanyalah kepada seorang remaja yang sedang menunggu kekasihnya.
- Untuk memahami makna waktu 1 menit, bertanyalah kepada seorang yang ketinggalan kereta api.
- Untuk memahami makna waktu 1 detik, bertanyalah kepada seorang yang selamat dari kecelakaan.
- Untuk memahami makna waktu 1 milidetik, bertanyalah kepada seorang pembalap F1 atau MotoGP yang meraih juara kedua.
Jadi, gunakan dan manfaatkankah waktu yang masih kita punya selagi bisa, meskipun cuma 1 milidetik sekalipun. Karena waktu akan terus berlalu dan tidak akan berulang. ;-)
Kamis, 30 Desember 2010
Minggu, 19 Desember 2010
Atmosphere
The properties of the atmosphere are very important to those of us who operate aircraft with fixed or rotary wings, (i.e. aeroplanes or helicopters), and powered by air breathing engines. The performance (efficiency) of the wing and engine is dependent on various parameters (such as pressure, density and temperature), of the atmosphere at the operating altitude.
In general terms the atmosphere is made up of four concentric gaseous layers extending up to some 2,500,000 ft:
• Troposphere extends from the sea level up to the tropopause. The tropopause is not at a constant height, but varies from 20,000 ft to about 60,000 ft depending on latitude. At higher latitudes (poles) the tropopause is lower.
• Stratosphere extends from the tropopause up to about 120,000 ft. The main characteristic of the stratosphere is constant temperature (isothermal), with the increasing altitude. The upper level of the stratosphere is the normally accepted limit of conventional air breathing engines.
• Mesosphere extends up to 300,000 ft. The upper level of the mesosphere represents the design altitude of the X 15 high altitude rocket powered research aircraft.
• Thermosphere extends out to about 400 500 km. The thermosphere is the outer layer of the atmosphere, where temperature increases significantly.
The above layers of the atmosphere are the main accepted method of describing various divisions of the gaseous envelope that surrounds the earth, however from time to time scientists define other 'spheres' within the four listed above to specify a particular phenomenon or characteristic. The ionosphere is an important example:
• Ionosphere extends from about 200,000 ft to 1,250,000 ft and defines the zone within the mesosphere/thermosphere which contains significant ionization (presence of charged particles). The varying intensity of the ionosphere affects the passage of electromagnetic transmissions, both natural and man made.
Speed Divisions
Because of the changing response of air at different speeds, it is important to define the various divisions of speed so that we can anticipate the type of reaction to a particular speed.
01. Subsonic
Subsonic flow starts at zero and has its upper limit at Mcrit. Remember that Mcrit is that Mfs at which the highest local Mach number reaches unity. So the subsonic band contains no flow whatsoever that is sonic (equal to the speed of sound) or supersonic (faster than the speed of sound).
02. Transonic
Transonic flow beg ins at Mcrit (that is the Mfs that is Mcrit) and extends up to Mdet. This is the stage at which the bow shockwave attaches to the leading edge and above which all local Mach numbers are supersonic. Therefore the transonic band of Mach free streams is where there is a mixture of both subsonic and supersonic flow around the aerofoil.
03. Supersonic
When all the local Mach numbers surrounding an aerofoil are supersonic (i.e. greater than Mach 1), then the Mfs at that time is considered to be supersonic.
In general terms the subsonic band extends up to about 0.75M and the transonic band from 0.75M to about 1.2M.
01. Subsonic
Subsonic flow starts at zero and has its upper limit at Mcrit. Remember that Mcrit is that Mfs at which the highest local Mach number reaches unity. So the subsonic band contains no flow whatsoever that is sonic (equal to the speed of sound) or supersonic (faster than the speed of sound).
02. Transonic
Transonic flow beg ins at Mcrit (that is the Mfs that is Mcrit) and extends up to Mdet. This is the stage at which the bow shockwave attaches to the leading edge and above which all local Mach numbers are supersonic. Therefore the transonic band of Mach free streams is where there is a mixture of both subsonic and supersonic flow around the aerofoil.
03. Supersonic
When all the local Mach numbers surrounding an aerofoil are supersonic (i.e. greater than Mach 1), then the Mfs at that time is considered to be supersonic.
In general terms the subsonic band extends up to about 0.75M and the transonic band from 0.75M to about 1.2M.
AVIATION TERMINOLOGY
Aviation terminology are words or phrases which is used by the aviation personnel to communicate.
Terminology
• An airport is a location where aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and blimps take off and land. Aircraft may be stored or maintained at an airport. An airport consists of at least one surface such as a runway, a helipad, or water for takeoffs and landings, and often includes buildings such as hangars and terminal buildings.
• Aerodrome/Airport. A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft. Aerodrome / Airport certificate. A certificate issued by the appropriate
• An airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft.
• A gate in aviation is a section at an airport terminal for transferring passengers and airline crews to an aircraft. Passengers embark or disembark an aircraft through one of these methods:
• A jet bridge (also termed loading bridge, aerobridge/airbridge, Jetway, or passenger boarding bridge) is an enclosed, movable connector which extends from an airport terminal gate to an airplane, allowing passengers to board and disembark without having to go outside. Depending on building design, sill heights, fueling positions and operational requirements, it may be fixed or movable, swinging radially or extending in length.
• Jetway bridges
• Airstairs, either built into the aircraft or from a mobile vehicle
• Mobile lounges
• Leaving the aircraft via mobile steps and walking across the apron into or from the terminal building
Prior to the introduction of jet bridges, passengers would normally board an aircraft by walking along the ground-level tarmac and climbing a set of movable stairs, or up airstairs on aircraft so equipped. Mobile staircases or "ramp stairs" are still employed at many airports around the world, particularly smaller airports and terminals supporting low cost carriers.
• An airstair is a passenger staircase that is built in to an airliner — often, though not always, on the inside of a clamshell-style door. The stairs can be raised or lowered while the aircraft is on the ground, allowing passengers and ground personnel to board or depart the aircraft without the need for a mobile staircase or a jetway
• The airport ramp or apron is part of an airport. It is usually the area where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled or boarded. Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, it is typically more accessible to users than the runway or taxiway. However, the apron is not usually open to the general public and a license may be required to gain access.
• A hangar is a closed structure to hold aircraft and/or spacecraft in protective storage. Most hangars are built of metal, but wood and concrete are other materials used. The word hangar comes from a northern French dialect, and means "cattle pen. "Hangars protect aircraft from weather and ultraviolet light. Hangars may be used as an enclosed repair shop or, in some cases, an assembly area. Additionally, hangars keep secret aircraft hidden from satellites or spyplanes. Aircraft storage halls on aircraft carriers and ships are also known as hangars.
• A runway (RWY) is a strip of land at an airport on which aircraft can take off and land and forms part of the maneuvering area. Runways may be a man-made surface (often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel, ice, or salt).
• A taxiway is a path on an airport connecting runways with ramps, hangars, terminals and other facilities. They mostly have hard surface such as asphalt or concrete, although smaller airports sometimes use gravel or grass. Busy airports typically construct high-speed or rapid-exit taxiways in order to allow aircraft to leave the runway at higher speeds. This allows the aircraft to vacate the runway quicker, permitting another to land in a shorter space of time.
• Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air. The primary purpose of ATC systems worldwide is: - to separate aircraft to prevent collisions - to organize and expedite the flow of traffic - to provide information and other support for pilots when able
Terminology
• An airport is a location where aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and blimps take off and land. Aircraft may be stored or maintained at an airport. An airport consists of at least one surface such as a runway, a helipad, or water for takeoffs and landings, and often includes buildings such as hangars and terminal buildings.
• Aerodrome/Airport. A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft. Aerodrome / Airport certificate. A certificate issued by the appropriate
• An airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft.
• A gate in aviation is a section at an airport terminal for transferring passengers and airline crews to an aircraft. Passengers embark or disembark an aircraft through one of these methods:
• A jet bridge (also termed loading bridge, aerobridge/airbridge, Jetway, or passenger boarding bridge) is an enclosed, movable connector which extends from an airport terminal gate to an airplane, allowing passengers to board and disembark without having to go outside. Depending on building design, sill heights, fueling positions and operational requirements, it may be fixed or movable, swinging radially or extending in length.
• Jetway bridges
• Airstairs, either built into the aircraft or from a mobile vehicle
• Mobile lounges
• Leaving the aircraft via mobile steps and walking across the apron into or from the terminal building
Prior to the introduction of jet bridges, passengers would normally board an aircraft by walking along the ground-level tarmac and climbing a set of movable stairs, or up airstairs on aircraft so equipped. Mobile staircases or "ramp stairs" are still employed at many airports around the world, particularly smaller airports and terminals supporting low cost carriers.
• An airstair is a passenger staircase that is built in to an airliner — often, though not always, on the inside of a clamshell-style door. The stairs can be raised or lowered while the aircraft is on the ground, allowing passengers and ground personnel to board or depart the aircraft without the need for a mobile staircase or a jetway
• The airport ramp or apron is part of an airport. It is usually the area where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled or boarded. Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, it is typically more accessible to users than the runway or taxiway. However, the apron is not usually open to the general public and a license may be required to gain access.
• A hangar is a closed structure to hold aircraft and/or spacecraft in protective storage. Most hangars are built of metal, but wood and concrete are other materials used. The word hangar comes from a northern French dialect, and means "cattle pen. "Hangars protect aircraft from weather and ultraviolet light. Hangars may be used as an enclosed repair shop or, in some cases, an assembly area. Additionally, hangars keep secret aircraft hidden from satellites or spyplanes. Aircraft storage halls on aircraft carriers and ships are also known as hangars.
• A runway (RWY) is a strip of land at an airport on which aircraft can take off and land and forms part of the maneuvering area. Runways may be a man-made surface (often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel, ice, or salt).
• A taxiway is a path on an airport connecting runways with ramps, hangars, terminals and other facilities. They mostly have hard surface such as asphalt or concrete, although smaller airports sometimes use gravel or grass. Busy airports typically construct high-speed or rapid-exit taxiways in order to allow aircraft to leave the runway at higher speeds. This allows the aircraft to vacate the runway quicker, permitting another to land in a shorter space of time.
• Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air. The primary purpose of ATC systems worldwide is: - to separate aircraft to prevent collisions - to organize and expedite the flow of traffic - to provide information and other support for pilots when able
e-learning
Dapatkah E-Learning membantu memberikan salah satu solusi buat kemajuan PT.Garuda Indonesia ?
Kompetisi bisnis yang kian ketat sekarang ini, serta regulasi yang semakin lama semakin tegas, menuntut pengontrolan jalannya bisnis, terutama dalam hal kualitas dan biaya, Hanya bisnis proses yang terbaik yang memungkinkan perusahaan-perusahaan dapat memenuhi tantangan kompetisi dan mendemonstrasikan kepatuhan terhadap regulasi. Poin utama dari setiap kompetisi bisnis adalah kemampuan untuk mengidentifikasi, otomatisasi dan mengoptimalkan prosesnya. Perkembangan bisnis dan teknologi selalu mempunyai peran yang sangat tinggi dan ikut memberikan arah perkembangan dunia pendidikan maupun pelatihan. E-Learning bisa jadi akan membantu para pelanggan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi, pertumbuhan dan keuntungan dalam berkompetisi melalui peningkatan kualitas SDM nya. Dari sini maka peran lembaga pelatihan yang ada didalam PT.Garuda Indonesia yaitu Garuda Indonesia Training Center (GITC) sangatlah strategis.
E-Learning mengandung pengertian yang sangat luas, salah satu pakarnya yang bernama Darin E, Harley mengartikan : “e-Learning merupakan suatu proses belajar mengajar yang memungkinkan tersampainya bahan ajar kepada siswa dengan menggunakan media internet, atau media jaringan komputer lain” dari sini terlihat bahwa terjadi proses transformasi pendidikan konvensional ke dalam bentuk digital, baik dari segi isi maupun sistemya. Sisi lainnya bahwa ini merupakan sekumpulan metoda pengajaran dimana aktivitas pengajaran dilaksanakan secara terpisah dari aktivitas belajar. Pemisah kedua kegiatan tersebut dapat berupa jarak fisik, misalnya karena peserta pelatihan bertempat tinggal jauh dari lokasi GITC. Bisa juga pemisah itu dapat berupa non-fisik misalnya keadaan yang memaksa seseorang yang tempat tinggalnya dekat dari GITC namun tidak dapat mengikuti kegiatan pembelajaran di GITC. Kondisi ini bisa terjadi mengingat bertebaranya lokasi karyawan PT.Garuda Indonesia ataupun peserta pihak III ketika mengikuti pelatihan. Pendekatan sistem pengajaran yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan pengajaran secara langsung (real time) ataupun dengan cara menggunakan sistem sebagai tempat pemusatan pengetahuan (knowledge).
Ada dua besaran pokok sebagai penunjang suksesnya E-Learning yaitu; Pertama pada kecanggihan Teknologi Komunikasi dan Informasi, Kedua pada kompetensi manusianya yang mengelola pendidikan / pelatihan. Kalau kita perhatikan kedua faktor tersebut sudah dipunyai oleh PT.Garuda Indonesia, tinggal kita mengoptimalkannya. Walaupun kita punya faktor pertama tapi kita harus lebih fokus lagi pada sisi pembangunan dan pengembangan sistem, interactivity, active learning, visual imagery, dan komunikasi yang efektif. Faktor keduanya kita harus memfokuskan pada proses pengembangan instruksional yaitu pada perancangan, pengembangan, evaluasi, dan revisi.
Teknologi informasi merupakan media yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan pesan ilmu pada peserta pelatihan melalui perekaman CD bahkan layanan berbasis web / on line / internet. Lalu apa saja yang bisa dimasukkan kedalam web? Bentuk-bentuk materi, ujian, kuis dan cara pendidikan lainnya dapat juga diimplementasikan ke dalam web, seperti materi instruktur dibuat dalam bentuk presentasi di web dan dapat di download oleh siswa.
Bagaimana bentuk interaksinya yang merupakan syarat keberhasilan pelatihan? Ada beberapa cara walaupun tidak 100% bisa menggantikan metoda konvensional dengan tatap muka di kelas, yaitu dengan melakukan interaksi antara instruktur dan siswa baik dalam bentuk real time (waktu nyata) atau tidak. Dalam bentuk real time dapat dilakukan misalnya dalam suatu chatroom, interaksi langsung dengan real audio atau real video, dan online meeting. Yang tidak real time bisa dilakukan dengan mailing list, discussion group, newsgroup, dan buletin board.
Suatu pelatihan yang mempunyai karakteristik diatas harus mempunyai beberapa unsur sebagai berikut :
a. Pusat kegiatan siswa; yaitu tempat kegiatan siswa, dimana siswa dapat membaca materi kuliah,mencari informasi untuk menambah kemampuan dan sebagainya.
b. Interaksi dalam grup; yaitu interaksi satu sama lain untuk mendiskusikan materi-materi yang diberikan instruktur. Instruktur dapat hadir dalam group ini untuk memberikan sedikit ulasan tentang materi yang telah diberikannya.
c. Pendalaman materi dan ujian; yaitu dengan pemberian quiz singkat dan tugas yang bertujuan untuk pendalaman dari apa yang telah diajarkan serta melakukan test pada akhir masa pelatihan untuk mengetahui keberhasilan program.
d. Materi online diluar materi inti; yaitu bahan bacaan dari web lainnya untuk menunjang pelatihan.
e. Perpustakaan digital; yaitu informasi kepustakaan, tidak terbatas pada buku tapi juga pada kepustakaan digital seperti suara, gambar, film dan sebagainya.
f. Sistem administrasi peserta pelatihan; dimana para siswa dapat melihat informasi mengenai status siswa, prestasi siswa dan sebagainya.
Bagi perusahaan yang sedang bergelut memperjuaangkan kemenangan di pasar, untuk memperoleh pelanggan baru bukanlah hal yang mudah. Tak bisa diingkari bahwa untuk mendapatkan pelanggan baru begitu banyak biaya yang harus dilakukan belum lagi konsumen yang dewasa ini cenderung semakin kritis dan rasional. Mengapa E-Learning tidak kita coba optimalkan? Meskipun teknologi merupakan bagian integral dari pemilihan E-Learning, namun program pelatihan di GITC harus fokus pada kebutuhan instruksional siswa, dari pada teknologinya sendiri. Faktor yang penting untuk keberhasilan sistem E-Learning adalah perhatian, percaya diri instruktur, pengalaman, mudah menggunakan perlatan, kreatif menggunakan alat, dan menjalin interkasi dengan siswa. Tentu saja metoda konvensional tetap harus kita perhatikan.
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